blockchain, a participant node is required to prove that the work done and

submitted by them qualifies them for the same.

To confirm transactions and produce new blocks to the chain, this algorithm

is used in blockchain. The miners in PoW compete against each other to

complete transactions on the network and get rewarded.

In a network, the users send each other digital tokens, and a decentralized

ledger gathers all the transactions into blocks. Care should, however, be

taken to confirm the transactions and arrange the blocks.

Special nodes called miners bear this responsibility, and the process is

called mining.

A complicated mathematical puzzle and a possibility to prove the solution

are the main working principles.

Figure 3.3: Proof-of-Work consensus model

“ Mathematical puzzle” – What it is?

A thing that is difficult to understand or explain is a mathematical puzzle.

The term refers to a problem designed to test ingenuity or knowledge.

Mathematical puzzles are problems that require mathematical logic and

calculation.

To solve a mathematical puzzle, a lot of computational power is required.

There are many mathematical puzzles, for instance:

How to find the input knowing the output, i.e., a Hash Function.

How to present a number as a multiplication of two other numbers is

known as Integer Factorization.

If the server suspects a Denial of Service (DoS) attack, it requires a

calculation of hash functions for some nodes in a defined order which

is a protocol. Here, it is a “how to find a chain of hash function

values” problem.